GIFT  OF 


OUTLINE      OF      SCIENCE 

FOR  THE 

FOUR  UPPER  GRADES 

BY 

PERCY     E.    ROWELL,      M.S. 


BERKELEY,    CALIFORNIA 

PERCY    E.    ROWELL 

1913 

ALL     RIGHTS     RESERVED 


COPYRfGHT  \Q\3 
BY  PERCY   E.  POWELL 


SET    UP  AND   PUBLISHED   MARCH   1913 


MARIN  JOURNAL  PRESS. 


PREFACE. 


The  material  which  is  given  in  these  outlines  is 
intended  for  children  in  the  grades  as  numbered. 

The  selection  of  the  subject  matter  is  based 
upon  the  author's  own  experience  with  children  from 
those  grades  and  is  not  too  difficult.  It  must  be  re- 
membered that  a  title  of  a  section  in  a  science  book 
does  not  indicate  the  method  of  presentation,  thus  the 
same  title  might  be  found  in  a  book  intended  for  the 
lower  grades  as  in  a  book  for  college  students,  but  the 
treatment  of  trie  subject  matter  would  be  entirely  dif- 
ferent. The  best  results  are  obtained  by  presenting  a 
subject  in  a  manner  which  brings  it  just  within  the 
capability  of  the  pupils ;  working  them  up  to  their 
highest  efficiency,  but  stopping  short  of  their  limita- 
tions. 

The  needs  of  the  child  are  heat,  air,  water,  food, 
and  the  conveniences  and  comforts  of  civilization.  For 
that  reason  the  subject  matter  has  been  divided  into 
ten  general  sections,  while  the  outline  of  the  complete 
course  has  been  divided  into  work  suitable  for  the 
fifth,  sixth,  seventh  and  eighth  grades.  This  outline  is 
offered  as  an  aid  to  those  who  wish  to  develop  their 
own  courses.  Four  books,  one  for  each  of  the  grades 
mentioned,  and  based  upon  these  outlines,  are  in  the 
process  of  preparation  by  the  same  author. 

281571 


Ihe  divisions  of  the  subject  matter  are  as  follows: 

1.  The  Sun,  Stars  and  Planets  V.     VI.     VII.     VIII. 

2.  Light  V.     VI.     VII.     VIII. 

3.  Heat  V.     VI.     VII.     VIII. 

4.  Air  V.     VI.     VII.     VIII. 

5.  Water  »V.     VI.     VII.     VIIL 

6.  Plants  and  Animals  V.     VI.     VII.     VIIL 

7.  Food  V.     VI.     VII.     VIIL 

8.  Mechanics  V.     VI.     VII.     VIIL 

9.  Magnetism  and  Electricity  V.     VI.     VII.     VIIL 
10.     The    Arts    and    Industries 

(applications  of  science)  V.  VI.  VII.  VIIL 
There  is  not  only  a  gradual  transition  from  the 
work  of  one  grade  to  the  work  of  the  next  higher  grade, 
aided  by  a  brief  summary  of  each  topic,  but  there  is 
also  an  easy  development  of  each  topic  from  the  pre- 
ceding one.  For  example:  (1)  The  sun  produces  (2) 
Light,  (3)  Heat,  affects  the  (4)  Air,  and  the  (5)  Wa- 
ter, causing  (6)  Plants  and  Animals  to  live,  produces 

(7)  Food,  has  gravitation,  which  is  considered  under 

(8)  Mechanics,  has  an  effect    upon    (9)     Magnetism, 
while  aiding  many  of  the  (10)   Industries.       The  ma- 
terial has  been  carefully  selected,  while  the  develop- 
ment proceeds  from  topic  to  topic  and  year  to  year. 

PERCY  ELLIOTT  ROWELL. 
Berkeley,  California. 
March,  1913 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  teaching  of  Science  in  the  grades  has  been 
attempted  many  times  and  in  various  ways,  with-  dif- 
ferent degrees  of  success.  Several  of  the  difficulties 
have  arisen  from  the  fact  that  only  a  narrow  field  of 
science  has  been  presented  and  that  field  has  usually 
been  too  highly  specialized.  The  temptation  to  elab- 
orate a  single  course  produces  a  result,  which  while 
complex  with  details,  remains  narrow  in  its  field.  The 
child  requires  the  simpler  parts  of  all  the  branches  of 
science. 

All  children  of  the  grades  have  many  common 
experiences.  The  youngest  child  bathes,  eats,  turns 
on  the  electric  lights,  uses  an  electric  car  and  experi- 
ences all  of  the  changes  in  the  weather  alike  with  the 
eldest  child.  To  confine  the  younger  child  to  a  study 
of  any  one  thing  or  group  of  things,  is  to  deprive  him 
of  natural  opportunities  of  learning.  The  beginnings 
of  all  branches  of  science  should  be  given  in  order  that 
the  child  may,  as  soon  as  possible,  obtain  a  bird's-eye 
view  of  the  field  of  general  knowledge.  He  then  can 
see  the  interrelations  of  the  different  facts  and  begin 
really  to  think  and  to  reason. 

The  science  which  is  the  most  valuable  to  the 
child  is  that  which  explains  the  phenomena  of  the  en- 
vironment— the  science  of  common  things  —  the  sci- 
ence of  evervlay  life.  Therefore  science,  even  in  the 
grades,  shouH  deal  with  its  common  and  simpler  appli- 
cations. Science  will  lose  none  of  its  cultural  value 
but  will  become  a  living-  thing. 


OUTLINE  OF  SCIENCE  FOR  THE  FIFTH 
GRADE. 

THE  SUN,  STARS,  AND  PLANETS.     V. 

1.  Time  of  sunrise  and  sunset. 

a.  How  it  varies 

b.  At  the  same  hour  twice  a  year. 

2.  Experiments. 

a.  The  definition  of  experiments. 

b.  The  value  of  experiments. 

3.  Direction  of  the  North. 

a.  North  star  located  by  means  of  the  Great 

Dipper. 

Experiment  1.     To  locate  the    north    by 

means  of  the  north  star. 
Experiment  2.     The    movement     of     the 
Great  Dipper.     Chart. 

b.  North  by  means  of  a  shadow  at  local  noon. 

Experiment  3.     To  locate  the  north    by 

means  of  a  shadow. 
Experiment  4.     To  locate   the  south  by 

means  of  a  watch. 

c.  The  north  side  of  trees  has  the  most  moss. 

4.  North,  south,  east,  and  west. 

5.  North-east,  north-west;  south-east,  south-west. 

6.  The  Direction  of  sunrise  and  sunset. 

a.     What  was  it  today? 

Experiment  5.     The  direction  of   sunrise 
and  sunset  by  shadows. 


b.     How  does  the  direction  of  sunrise  and  sun- 
set vary? 

Experiment  6.     The  record  of  directions. 

7.  Telling  time  by  the  sun. 

a.     The  Sundial. 

Experiment   7.     Horizontal    and   vertical 
sundials. 

8.  Other  ways  of  telling  time. 

Experiment  8.     The  sand  glass  and  the 
sand  wheel. 

9.  The  height  of  the  sun  at  noon. 

a.  The  height  of  the  sun  at  noon  today. 

Experiment  '9.     The  height  of  the  sun  by 
means  of  a  shadow. 

b.  The  variation  in  the  height  of    the  sun  at 
noon. 

Experiment  10.     A  record  of  the  height 

of  the  sun.     The  altitude  measurer. 
(These  subjects,  The  Sun,  Stars,  and  Planets, 
are  continued  in  the  work  for  the  sixth  grade.) 


LIGHT.    V. 

•  10.     The  light  \ve  receive  from  the  sun. 

a.     The  variation  in  the  amount  of  light. 

Experiment  11.     Look  at  the  sun  through 

smoked  glass. 
11*     The  sunlight  makes  plants  green. 

Experiment    12.     Effect    of    sunlight    on 
growing  plants* 


12.  The  sunlight  changes  the  color  of  many  objects. 

a.  Tans  the  skin  and  causes  freckles. 

b.  Fades  and  bleaches  color  from    paper    and 
clothes. 

Experiment  13.     The    effect    of    sunlight 
on  color..     Bleaching. 

c.  The    sunlight    affects    chemical    or    photo- 

graphic paper. —  (See  Section  70.) 

Experiment    14.     Leaf     and    other     blue 
prints. 

13.  The  sunlight  good  for  the  health. 

a.  Sunbaths. 

b.  Dark  corners  gather  dirt  and  disease. 

14.  Light  travels  in  straight  lines. 

Experiment    15.     To     show     how     light 

travels. 
Experiment  16.     How  to  make  and  use  a 

pin-hole  camera. 

1 5.  The  reflection  of  light. 

a.  Regular  reflection  of  light. 

Experiment   17.     Experiments   with   mir- 
rors. 

b.  Diffused  reflection  of  light. 

Experiment  18.     How  we  see  objects  by 
diffused  reflection  of  light. 

16.  Light  from  sources  other  than  the  sun. 

a.  Light  with  heat. 

Experiment    19.     Ordinary     sources     of 
light. 

b.  Light  without  heat. 

Experiment  20.     Cold  light. 
(This  subject,  Light,  is  continued  in  the  work 
for  the  sixth  grade.) 


HEAT.       V. 

17.  The  heat  we  receive  from  the  sun. 

a.  The   heat   varies    with  the    time  of  day    and 
with  the  seasons. 

Experiment  21.     The  varying  heat    from 
the  sun. 

b.  The  heat  varies  with  the  color  of  the  object 
receiving  it. —  (See  Section  71.) 

Experiment  22.     The  effect  of  the    sun's 
heat  upon  different  colors. 

c.  The  heat  received  by  a  large  surface  may  be 

brought  to  a  small  surface,  making  it  very 
hot. 

Experiment  23.     "The  burning  glass." 

18.  Expansion  due  to  heat. 

a.  Examples  of  expansion. —  (See  Section  72.) 

Experiment  24.     Heat  causes  expansion. 

b.  All     materials     do    not    expand    the    same 
amount. 

Experiment  25.     The  results  of    unequal 
expansion. 

19.  The  thermometer  an  application  of  expansion. 

Experiment  26.     How  to  read  a  thermom- 
eter. 

20.  Heat  produces  light. 

a.     The  temperature  of  red  heat  and  of  white 
heat. 

Experiment  27.     Red-hot  and  white-hot. 

21.  Heat  from  friction. 

a.     The  old  way  of  making  fire. 

Experiment  28.     Primitive  fire-making. 


b.  The  flint  and  steel. 

Experiment  29.     The  flint  and  steel. 

c.  The  modern  heat  from  friction — the  match. 

The  proper  care  of  matches.     Danger  from 
mice. 

22.  Heat  from  combustion. 

a.  Complete     combustion  —  no      smoke  —  eco- 

nomical. 

b.  Incomplete  combustion — smoky — wasteful. 

Experiment    30.     Complete    and     incom- 
plete combustion. 

23.  Combustibles  and  fuels.     (See  Section  73.) 

Experiment  31.     The  combustion    of  dif- 
ferent materials. 

24. .   Flames. 

Experiment  32.     The  cause  of  flame. 

25.  First  aid  to  the  burned. 

Experiment  33.     Drill  for    extinguishing 
burning  clothing. 

26.  Conduction  of  heat. 

a.  Good  and  poor  conductors. 

Experiment  34.     Good  and  bad  conduct- 
ors of  heat. 

b.  Why  some  objects  feel  warm  and  others  feel 
cokl  although  both  are  at  the  same   temper- 
ature. 

(This  subject,  Heat,  is  continued  in  the  work  for 
the  sixth  grade.) 


AIR.     V. 

27.  Air  is  necessary  for  life  of  any  kind. 

Experiment    35.     Deep     breathing     and 

holding  the  breath. 
Experiment  36.     The  effect  of  depriving 

a  plant  of  air. 

28.  There  is  air  in  the  soil. 

Experiment  37.     To  show  the  presence 
of  air  in  the  soil. 

29.  The  composition  of  the  air. 

Experiment  38.     The  amount  of  oxygen 

in  the  air. 
Experiment  39.     The  amount  of  carbon 

dioxide  in  the  air. 

30.  Oxygen. 

Experiment    40.     To    prepare     and    use 
oxygen. 

31.  Nitrogen. 

a.  Dilutes  the  oxygen. 

b.  Is  used  by  plants. 

32.  Respiration. 

a.  The  number  of  breaths  per  minute. 

b.  The  amount  of  air  inhaled  at  each  breath. 

Experiment    41.     The     capacity     of    the 
lungs. 

33.  Carbon  dioxide. 

a.  Used  by  plants. 

b.  Exhaled  by  animals  and  given  off  by  fires. 

Experiment  42.     Carbon  dioxide  from  the 

breath  and  from  a  candle. 
(This  subject,  Air,  is  continued  in  the  work 
for  the  sixth  grade.) 


WATER.     V, 

34.  Water  is  a  liquid. 

a.  A  liquid  has  no  shape,  but  its  surface  is  al- 

ways flat. 

Experiment  43.     The  level. 

b.  Liquids  flow  and  break  into  drops. 

Experiment  44.     "Water  seeks    its    own 
level."     Size  of  drops. 

35.  Water  can  pass  into  some  things, 

a.  Porous    bodies     and    how    they     may     be 
changed. 

Experiment    45.     Porous    bodies'    absorb 

water. 

Experiment  46.     To  make  porous'  bodies 
waterproof. — (See  Section  74.) 

b.  Filters — nature's  and  man^s. 

Experiment  47.     Filtration, 

36.  Solution. 

a.  Water  as  a  solvent. 

Experiment  48.     Solution  and  its*  oddities', 

b.  Other  solvents. — (See  Sections  75  and  76.) 

Experiment  49.The  use    of  alcohol    and 
gasolene  as  solvents, 

37.  Crystals. 

a.  From  solution. 

Experiment  50.     Crystallization. 

b.  Some  crystals  as  they  occur  in  nature 

38.  Water  for  drinking. 

a.  Importance  of  pure  water. 

b.  The    advantage    of    drinking-     considerable 
water. 

c.  HarmiM  drinks ::— atfcofool,  coffee,  and  tea, 


39.  Water  for  cleansing. — (See  Section  77.) 

a.  Hard  and  soft  water. 

Experiment   51.     Hard   and    soft    water. 
Soap. 

b.  The  importance  of  bodily  cleanliness. 

40.  Plants  need  water. 

Experiment  52.     The  effect  of  water  up- 
on seeds  and  plants. 

41.  Capillarity. 

a.  In  tubes  and  in  porous  bodies. 

Experiment  53.     Examples  of  capillarity. 

b.  In  the  soil. 

Experiment   54.     How   water  is  held    in 

the  soil. 

(This  subject,  Water,  is  continued  in  the  work 
for  the  sixth  grade.) 


PLANTS  AND  ANIMALS.     V. 

42.  The  testing  of  seeds. 

Experiment  55.     Germination  tests. 

43.  The  beginning  of  plant  life. 

Experiment  56.  How  several  of  our 
common  vegetables  start  from  their 
seeds.  "The  pocket  garden." 

44.  The  proper  planting  of  seeds. 

Experiment  57.  To  show  proper  and  im- 
proper planting. 

45.  Names  and  descriptions  of  the  common  birds. 

Experiment  58.  The  food  of  the  common 
birds. 

46.  Names  and  descriptions  of  the  domestic  animals. 


47.  Names  of  the  common  garden  and  common  wild 

flowers. 

Experiment  59.  (A  continuous  experi- 
ment.) To  make  a  collection  of  pressed 
flowers,  mounted  on  cards. 

48.  Names  of  the  common  trees. 

a.  Leaves. 

b.  Fruits  and  seeds. 

c.  Bark. 

Experiment  60.  (A  continuous  experi- 
ment.) To  make  a  collection  of  leaves, 
seeds,  or  seed  cases,  and  bark  of  the 
common  trees. 

Experiment  61.  Plant  seeds  of  the  com- 
mon trees. 

49.  A  queer  plant — yeast.     (See  Sections  78  and  80.) 

a.  Used  in  bread  making. 

b.  Used  in  fermentation. 

Experiment  62.     Fermentation. 

50.  Another  queer  kind  of  plant — the  bacteria. 

a.  Useful. 

b.  Harmful 

51.  Souring  and  decay. 

a.  If  the  bacteria  are  killed  there    will  be    no 
souring  or  decay. 

Experiment  63.  Two  ways  of  preserving 
milk. 

b.  The  harmfulness  of  decayed  food. 

c.  The  care  of  the  teeth. 

52.  Disease  and  sanitation. 

(These  subjects,  Plants  and  Animals,  are  con- 
tinued in  the  work  for  the  sixth  grade.) 


FOOD.    V. 

53.  The  source  of  all  food. 

a.  Plant  food. 

b.  Animal  food. 

54.  The  farm  a  workshop. 

55.  Tilling  the  soil. 

(Garden  work  may  begin  here) 

56.  Alcohol  as  a  dangerous  drug. 

57.  The  harmfulness  of  chewing  tobacco  and  of  chew- 

ing gum. 

(This  subject,  Food,  is  continued  in  the  work 
for  the  sixth  grade.) 

MECHANICS.     V. 

5&     Simple  measurement* 

a.  Length. 

b.  Area. 

c.  Volume, 

Experiment  64.     The  arithmetic  of  meas- 
urement, 

d.  Circular  measurement, 

59.  Everything  has  weight. — The  balance. 

Experiment  65.     Air  has  weight, 

60.  Everything  occupies  space. 

Experiment  66.     Displacement  of   water 

by  solids  and  air. 
6L    Density. 

Experiment  67.     Different  bodies  of  the 

same  size  have  different  weights. 
62.    Drawings. 

a.     Making  straight  lines  and  curves. 

b>     Drawings  should  b<e  made  of  all  experimentvS. 


c.     Tracings  of  drawings  may  be  duplicated  by 
blue  print  paper. 

Experiment     68.     Blue     printing      from 
tracings. —  (See  Section  70.) 

63.  The  pendulum. 

a.  The  weight  of  the  bob  makes  no  difference 
in  the  number  of  swings  per  minute. 

b.  The  effect  of  length. 

Experiment  69.     The  simple  pendulum. 

64.  Forces. 

a.  Pushes  and  pulls.     Elasticity. 

Experiment  70.     Weight  is  a  pull. 

b.  Pressure  is  the  push  on  a  certain  surface. 

65.  The  lever.     (See  Section  79.) 

Experiment  71.     The  use  of  a  lever. 

66.  The  inclined  plane. 

Experiment  72.     The  use  of  the  inclined 

plane. 

(These   subjects,   Mechanics,   are   continued   in 
the  work  for  the  sixth  grade.) 


MAGNETISM   AND   ELECTRICITY.     V. 

67.  The  lode  stone. 

68.  Steel  magnets. 

a.  Attraction. 

Experiment  «73.     Magnetic    materials. 

b.  The  space  around  a  magnet. 

Experiment   74.     To    draw    a    magnetic 

field. 
Experiment  75.     Blue  prints  of  magnetic 

fields.     (See  Section  70:) 


c.     Repulsion. 

Experiment   76.     The    rule    of   attraction 

and  repulsion. 

(These   subjects,    Magnetism    and     Electricity, 
are  continued  in  the  work  for  the  sixth  grade.) 


THE  ARTS  AND  INDUSTRIES.     V. 

69.  Weather  observation. 

A  simple  record  of  the  weather  should  be  kept. 

70.  How  to  make  blue  print  paper. — (See    Sections 

12,  62,  and  68.) 

71.  Solar  heaters. — (See  Section  17.) 

72.  Hot  air  engines. —  (See  Section  18.) 

Experiment  77.     The   way  a  hot  air  en- 
gine works. 

73.  Fireproofing. — (See  Section  23.) 

Experiment  78.     Simple  fireproofing. 

74.  Waterproofing. — (See  Section  35.) 

75.  Flavoring  extracts  and  perfumes. — (See   Section 

36.) 

76.  To  remove  grease  and  stains. — (See  Section  36.) 

77.  How  to  make  soap. — (See  Section  39.) 

Experiment  78.     How  to  make  soap. 

78.  Bread  making. — (See  Section  49.) 

79.  The  pantagraph. — (See  Section  65.) 

Experiment  79.     How  to  make  and  use 
a  pantagraph. 

80.  Alcohol  for  industrial  purposes — (See  Section  49.) 

(More  applications  of  science  are  given  in  the 
work  for  the  sixth  grade.) 


OUTLINE  OF  SCIENCE  FOR  THE  SIXTH 
GRADE. 

THE  SUN,  STARS,  AND  PLANETS.     VI. 

1.  A  brief  summary  of  the  facts  stated  under    the 

same  topics  in  the  work  for  the  fifth  grade. 

2.  The  earth  a  large  magnet. 

Experiment    1.     The    magnetism    of    the 
earth. 

3.  The  magnetic  compass. 

Experiment  2.     Direction  by  a  compass. 

4.  Latitude  and  longitude. 

Experiment  3.     The  use  of  cross  section 
paper. 

5.  Maps. 

a.  What  maps  show  and  how  to  use  them. 

b.  Making  maps. 

Experiment  4.     Making  a    map    of    the 
school  grounds. 

6.  The  moon. 

Experiment  5.     Why  the  moon  changes  its 

appearance. 
Experiment  6.     Observation  of  the  moon. 

7.  The  earth  and  the  moon. 

a.  Shape  and  size. 

b.  Distance  to  the  moon. 

Experiment  7.     Drawing  to  scale. 

8.  Motions  of  the  earth. 

a.  Rotation  on  an  axis. 

Experiment  8.     The  gyroscope.  The  top. 

b.  Revolution  around  the  sun. 


9.  Time. 

a.  Sun  time  or  local  time. 

Experiment  9.     The  real  noon. 

b.  Standard  time. 

10.  The  seasons. 

Experiment    10.     Area    covered   by    unit 

area  of  sunshine. 
Experiment  11.     The  cause  of  seasons. 

11.  The  changing  length  of  day  and  night. 

Experiment  12.     The  cause  of  the  chang- 
ing length  of  day  and  night. 

12.  The  story  of  the  calendar. 

(These  subjects,  The  Sun,  Stars,  and  Planets, 
are  continued  in  the  work  for  the  seventh 
grade.) 

LIGHT.     VI. 

13.  A  brief  summary    of   the  facts  stated  under   the 

same  topic  in  the  work  for  the  fifth  grade. 

14.  Light  passes  through  some  objects  easily. 

Experiment    13.     Transparent    objects  — 
the  "burning  glass." 

15.  Light  passes  through  some  object  with  difficulty. 

Experiment  14.     Translucent  objects. 

16.  Diffused  light.— (See  Section  90.) 

a.  Best  for  the  eyes. 

b.  Why  the  sun  seems  largest  at  sunrise  and 
sunset. 

17.  Reflection  of  light. 

a.  Images  in  a  mirror. 

Experiment  15.     The  location  of  images 
in  a  mirror. 

b.  The  direction  of  reflected  light. 

Experiment  16.     The  aucgle-  of  reflection 


18.  Twilight  and  the  afterglow. 

19.  Light  cannot  pass  through  some  objects.    Opaque 

bodies. 

Experiment  17.     The  change  from  trans- 
parent to  translucent  and  opaque. 

20.  Shadows. 

a.  The  cause  of  shadows. 

b.  Variation  in  the  shape  and  size  of  shadows. 

Experiment   18.     The  shape  and  size    of 
shadows.     The  shadow  of  the  sphere. 

c.  The  magic  of  shadows. 

Experiment  19.     Shadow  pictures. 

d.  The  height  of  buildings  and  trees  found  by 
their  shadows. 

Experiment  20.     Height  from  shadows. 

21.  The  shadow  of  the  earth  upon  the  moon. 

Experiment     21.     A     report     upon     an 
eclipse  of  the  moon. 

22.  The  effect  of  light  upon  bacteria.     Hygienic  liv- 

ing. 

(This  subject,  Light,  is  continued  in  the  work 
for  the  seventh  grade.) 

HEAT.     VI. 

23.  A  brief  summary  of  the  facts  stated    under    the 

same  topic  in  the  work  for  the  fifth  grade. 

24.  Convection. — (See  Section  92.) 

a.  In  water.- 

Experiment    22.     The    hot-water    system 
of  heating. 

b.  In  air. 

Experiment  23.     The  hot-air  system  of 
heating. 


25.  Solids,  liquids  and  gases. 

a.  Characteristics. 

b.  Heat  the  cause  of  the  difference. 

Experiment  24.       Melting  and  vaporizing. 

26.  The  way  a  thermometer  is  marked. 

Experiment  25.     The  freezing  point  and 
the  boiling  point. 

27.  All  things  do  not  have  a  melting  temperature. 

Experiment  26.     The  melting  of  waxes  ; 
glass  bending. 

28.  Evaporation. 

a.  Requires  heat. 

Experiment  27.     Freezing  by  the  evapo- 
ration of  ether. 

b.  The  value  of  perspiration. 

29.  Other  uses  of  evaporation. 

a.  Cooling  of  food. 

b.  Distillation. 

Experiment  29.     The   distillation   of   wa- 
ter. 

c.  Steam  causes  pressure. —  (See  Section  94.) 

30.  Kindling  temperature. — (See  Section  95.) 

Experiment  30.     "Setting    fire"    without 

flame. 
21.     Slow  combustion. 

a.  Rusting,  decay — damp  leaves. 

b.  Animal  heat. 

Experiment  31.     To  find  the  temperature 

of  the  body. 
32.     Spontaneous  combustion. 

a.     The  danger  from  oily  rags. 

Experiment  32.       Spontaneous    combus- 
tion of  oily  rags. 


b.     Other  examples  of  spontaneous  combustion. 

33.  Clothing.— (See  Section  96.) 

a.  Kinds  of  clothing. 

Experiment  33.     The  flame  test  for  cot- 
ton and  wool. 

b.  Uses  of  clothing.       The  dangers    from    too 
much  clothing. 

34.  Heat  kills  bacteria. 

a.  Pasteurizing. 

b.  Purification    by   boiling.     Its   limitations. 
(This  subject,  Heat,  is  continued  in  the  work 
for  the  seventh  grade.) 


AIR.     VI. 

35.  A  brief  summary  of  the  facts  stated  under  the 

same  topic  in  the  work  for  the  fifth  grade. 

36.  Drafts  in  stoves.. 

b.     How  to  use  them  properly. 

37.  Ventilation. 

a.  Convective. 

Experiment  34.     Ventilation  in  a  chalk 
box. 

b.  Forced. 

38.  Dangers  from  impure  air. 

a.  Temporary  results. 

b.  Permanent  results. 

39.  Tests  for  bad  air.— (See  Section  98.) 

a.  By  odor.     The  limitations  of  the  sense    of 
smell. 

b.  By  chemicals. 

Experiment  35.      To  test  the  air  of  a  room. 

40.  The  warming  of  the  atmosphere. 


a.  Direct  heating. 

b.  Reflected  heating. 

c.  Heating  by  convection. 

41.  The  cause  of  winds. 

Experiment  36.     The  weather  vane. 
(See  Section  88.) 

42.  The  work  of  the  winds. 

a.  Effects  on  surface  of  the  earth. 

b.  The  wind  wheel. 

Experiment  37.     How   to  make    a    wind 

wheel. 
Experiment  38.     How    to  make    a  good 

kite. 

c.  The  velocity  of  the  winds — (See    Section  88.^ 

43.  The  weight  of  the  atmosphere. 

Experiment  40.  To^  show  that  air  has 
weight.  (No  air  pump  is  needed.) 

44.  The  pressure  of  the    atmosphere. — (See    Section 

97.) 

a.  Equal  in  all  directions.         v 

Experiment  41.  Pressure  of  the  atmos- 
phere equal  in  all  directions. 

Experiment  42.  An  inverted  glass  of 
water. 

b.  The  amount  of  the  atmospheric  pressure. 

45.  The  barometer. —  (See  Section  88.) 

Experiment  43.  How  to  make  a  barom- 
eter. 

46.  The  weather  and  climate. 

a.  Fair,  cloudy,  or  rainy. 

b.  The  direction  and  strength  of  the  wind. 
c..   The  temperature;  morning,  noon,  and  even- 
ing. 


cl.     The  pressure  of  the  atmosphere. 

(This  subject,  Air,  is  continued  in  the  work  for 

the  seventh  grade.) 

WATER.     VI. 

47.  A  brief  summary  of  the  facts    stated    under   the 

same  topic  in  the  work  for  the  fifth  grade. 

48.  The  capacity  of  different  soils  for  water. 

Experiment  44.     The    effect    of    texture 
upon  the  water  capacity  of  soils. 

49.  How  to  increase  the  moisture-holding  capacity  of 

soils. 
Experiment  45.     The  effect  of  tilling. 

50.  Moisture  of  the  soil. 

a.  Its  importance  to  the  soil. 

b.  The  amount  used  by  plants. 

c.  The  amount  lost. 

51.  Conservation  of  moisture  of  the  soil. 

a.  Tilling. 

b.  Mulching. 

Experiment  46.     Conservation   of  moist- 
ure, 

52.  The  effect  of  water  upon  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

a.  Erosion. 

b.  Effect  of  freezing. 

53.  How  seeds  obtain  water. 

Experiment  47.     Osmosis. 

54.  Water  can  exert  force. 

Experiment  48.     Water  pressure. 

55.  Buoyancy  a  force. — (See  Section  101.) 

a.  Floating  bodies. 

b.  Bodies  which  sink. 

Experiment  49.     Buoyancy. 


56.  Water  has  an  elastic  surface. 

Experiment  50.     Surface  tension. 

57.  Disease  and  bad  odors  may  be  prevented  by  solu- 

tions. 

a.  Antiseptic  washes. 

b.  Disinfectants. 

c.  Deodorants. 

(This  subject,  Water,  is  continued  in  the  work 
for  the  seventh  grade.) 

PLANTS  AND  ANIMALS.     VI. 

58.  A  brief  summary  of  the  facts  stated    under    the 

same  topic  in  the  work  for  the  fifth  grade. 

59.  Names  of  the  common  vegetables. 

Experiment    31.     Draw     or     model    the 
vegetables. 

60.  Roots. 

a.  Need  air. 

Experiment  52.     Roots  need  air. 

b.  How  roots  obtain  food  from  the  soil. 

61.  Plant  stems. 

a.  Different  kinds. 

b.  Use  and  construction. 

Experiment    53.     Structure    and    use    of 
stems. 

62.  Linen. — (See  Section  96.) 

63.  Leaves. 

a.  Construction  of  leaves. 

Experiment  54.     Skeleton  leaves. 

b.  The  food  the  leaf  makes. 

Experiment  55.     Starch  from  leaves. 

c.  Leaves  give  off  water. 

Experiment  56.     Transpiration. 


64.  Buds  and  flowers. 

Experiment    57.     The    common    flowers. 
Fruit  flowers. 

65.  Fruits  and  seeds. 

Experiment  58.     The  common  fruits  and 
seeds. 

66.  Cotton.— (See  Section  96.) 

67.  Weeds. 

Experiment  59.     Collect  the  weeds  of  the 
neighborhood. 

68.  Domestic  animals. 

69.  Wool.— (See  Section  96.) 

(These  subject,  Plants  and  Animals,  are    con- 
tinued in  the  work  for  the  seventh  grade.) 
, 

FOOD.     VI. 

70.  A  brief  summary  of  the  facts  stated    under    the 

same  topic  in  the  work  for  the  fifth  grade. 

71.  The  resources  of  the  soil. 

a.  Plant-food  ready  for  the  plants. 

Experiment  60.     Nutrient  solution. 

b.  Changes  taking  place  in  the  soil. 

72.  Enriching  the  soil. 

a.  Barnyard  manure. 

b.  Green  manures. 

c.  Fertilizers. 

73.  Humus. 

a.  Its  composition. 

b.  Its  use. 

74.  Irrigation. 

a.  Surface. 

b.  Sub-irrigation. 

Experiment  61,     Sub-irrigation. 


75.  Preservation  of  food. 

a.  Cleanliness. 

b.  Coolness. 

c.  By  sealing. 

d.  By  heating. 

Experiment     62.     Preserving     food      by 
heating. 

e.  By  chemical  means/     Some  of  the  dangers. 

Experiment  63.     Preserving  eggs. 

76.  The  teeth. 

a.  Care  of  the  teeth. 

b.  Cause  of  decay. 

(This  subject,  Food,  is  continued  in  the  work 
for  the  seventh  grade.) 


MECHANICS.     VI. 

77.  A  brief  summary  of  the  facts   stated    under   the 

same  topic  in  the  work  for  the  fifth  grade. 

78.  Altitude  measurement. 

Experiment  64.     How  to  make  and    use 
altitude  measurer. 

79.  The  wheel  and  axle. 

Experiment  65.     The   wheel   and  axle    a 
lever. 

80.  The  pulley. 

a.  Fixed. 

b.  Movable. 

Experiment  66.     The  pulley  a  lever. 

81.  The  screw. 

Experiment  67.     The  screw  a  circular  in- 
clined plane. 

82.  Inertia. 


Experiment   68.     Tricks   based   upon    in- 
ertia. 

83.  Velocity. 

a.  Speed  indicators. — (See  Section  88.) 

Experiment  69.     How  to  make  a    speed 
indicator  for  the  wind. 

b.  Momentum. 

Experiment  70.  Examples  of  momentum 
(These  subjects,  Mechanics,  are  continued  in  the 
work  for  the  seventh  grade.) 

MAGNETISM  AND  ELECTRICITY.     VI. 

84.  A  brief  summary  of  the  facts  stated  under    the 

same  topic  in  the  work  for  the  fifth  grade. 

85.  Magnetic  effects  of  electricity. 

Experiment  71.     How  to  make  an  elec- 
tric magnet. 

86.  Applications  of  magnetism  due  to  electricity. 

a.  The  electric  bell. 

Experiment  72.     How  to  make  an   elec- 
tric bell. 

b.  The  telegraph. 

Experiment  73.     How    to  make    a    tele- 
graph instrument. 

c.  The  electric  motor. 

Experiment  74.     How  to  make  an  elec- 
tric motor. 

(These  subjects,  Magnetism  and  Electricity,  are 
continued  in  the  work  for  the  seventh  grade.) 

THE  ARTS  AND  INDUSTRIES.     VI. 

87.  Man's  applications  of  nature's  principles. 

88.  Weather  instruments. — (See  Sections    41,  42,  45, 

and  83.) 


Experiment  75.     Home-made  weather  in- 
struments. 

89.  History  of  lighting. 

90.  Systems  of  illumination. —  (See  Section  16.) 

91.  History  of  heating. 

92.  Modern  systems  of  heating. —  (See  Section  24.) 

a.  The  hot-air  system. 

b.  The   hot-water  system. 

93.  Temperature  regulators. 

94.  The  steam  engine. — (See  Section  29.) 

95.  Davy's  safety  lamp. —  (See  Section  30.) 

Experiment  76.     Davy's  safety  lamp. 

96.  Clothing.— (See  Sections  33,  62,  66  and  69.) 

Experiment  77.     The  testing  of  cloth. 

97.  The  use  of  compressed  air. —  (See  Section  44.) 

98.  The  uses  of  carbon  dioxide. —  (See  Section  39.) 

a.  Baking  soda. 

b.  The  chemical  engine. 

Experiment  78.     The  chemical  engine. 

c.  Mortar. 

99.  Cement  and  plaster  of  paris. 

Experiment    79.     Work    with    plaster    of 
paris. 

100.  First  aid  to  the  injured. 

Experiment  80.     Exercises  in  "first  aid." 

101.  Applications  of  buoyancy. —  (See  Section  55.) 

a.  Hydrometers  and  lactometers. 

Experiment    81.     A    home-made    hydro- 
meter. 

b.  The  diving  bell. 

Experiment  82.     The  diving  bell. 
(More  applications  of  science    are  given  in    the 
work  for  the  seventh  grade.) 


OUTLINE  OF  SCIENCE  FOR  THE  SEVENTH 
GRADE. 

THE  SUN,  STARS,  AND  PLANETS.     VII. 

1.  A  brief  summary  of  the  facts  stated  under  the  same 
topic  in  the  work  for  the  fifth  and  sixth  grades. 

2.  Gravitation. 

a.  Causes  weight. 

Experiment  1.     Specific  weight. 

b.  Center  of  gravity.     The  plumb  bob. —  (See 
Section  84.) 

Experiment  2.     The  balancing  horse  and 
tight-rope  walker. 

3.  Tides,     (See  Section  85.) 

a.  Due  to  moon  and  sun, 

b.  Time  of. 

Experiment  3.     Plotting  height  and  time 
of  tides. 

4.  Planets. 

a.  The  size  of  planets, 

b.  Their  distance  from  the  sun. 

Experiment  4.     Drawing  the    planets    to 
scale. 

5.  Changes  in  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

a.  Agents  of  weathering. 

b.  Agents  of  erosion. 

Experiment  5.     Effects  of  running  water 
The  sand  table. 

6.  Changes  in  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

a.  Due  to  plants  and  animals. 

b.  Due  to  bacteria. 

7.  Slowness  of  change  in  the  surface  of  the  earth. 


8.  The  heat  of  the  earth's  interior. 

a.  Hot  springs  and  geysers. 

Experiment  6.     A  geyser. 

b.  Volcanoes. 

(These  subjects,  The  Sun,    Stars,    and    Planets, 
are  continued  in  the  work  for  the  eighth  grade.) 

LIGHT.     VII. 

9.  A  brief  summary  of  the  facts  stated  under  the  same 
topic  in  the  work  for  the  fifth  and  sixth  grades. 

.0.     The  bending  of  light. 

Experiment  7.     The  path  of  light  through 
thick  glass. 

11.  The  effect  of  a  prism  upon  the  direction  of  light. 

Experiment  8.     The  path  of  light  through 
a  prism. 

12.  White  light  is  composed  of  many  colors. 

Experiment  9.     Dispersion  of  light  by  a 

prism. 
Experiment    10.     The      composition      of 

white  light. 

13.  Color. 

a.  Depends  upon  the  light  reflected. 

Experiment  11.     Colors  as  seen    by    the 
sodium  flame. 

b.  Depends  upon  light  transmitted. 

Experiment    12.     The     transmission       of 

color. 

Experiment    13.     Color    from      reflection 
and  transmission. 

14.  The  rainbow. 

a.  Single. 

b.  Double 

Experiment  14.     The  rainbow. 


15.  The  intensity  of  Tight  in  relation  to  distance. 

Experiment   15.     The   intensity    of    light 
determined  by  a  shadow, 

16.  The  measurement  of  light. 

a.    The  candle-power. 

b-     Measurement  by  shadows. 

Experiment    16.     The      shadow      photo- 
meter.    How  made  and  how  used. 
'C.     Measurement  by  translu'cence. 

Experiment.      17.    The     paraffin      block 
photometer.    How  mad^e  and  how  used. 

17.  Lenses. 

a.  Convex. 

b.  Concave. 

Experiment  18.     Lenses  are  prisms.    The 
reducing  glass. 

18.  Images  from  a  convex  lens. 

a.  Magnified  and  upright. 

Experiment  19.     The  magnifying  glass, 

b.  Real,  both  large  and  small ;  inverted. 

Experiment  20.     Images  on  a  screen. 
(This  subject,   Light,  is   contined   in   the   work 
for  the  eighth  grade.) 

HEAT.     VIL 

19.  A  brief  summary  of   the    facts   stated  under   the 
same  topic  in  the  work  for  the  fifth  and  sixth  grades. 

20.  Heat  causes  boiling. 

a.  Boiling  temperature  raised  by  dissolved  sub- 
stances. 

Experiment  21.     Boiling  temperature    of 
solutions. 

b.  Boiling  temperature     raised    by     increased 
pressure. 


Experiment  22.     Effect  of  increased  pres- 
sure upon  the  temperature  of  boiling. 
c.     Boiling   temperature     lowered    by    reduced 
pressure.  , 

Experiment  23.  Effect  of  decreased 
pressure  upon  the  temperature  of  bcil- 
ing. 

21.  Sublimation —  a  change  from  solid  to  gas. 

Experiment  24.  Two  kinds  of  sublinn- 
tion. 

22.  Frost  and  snow. 

Experiment  25.     Imitation  frost. 

23.  Special  forms  of  combustion. 

a.  Deflagration. 

Experiment  26.  Examples  of  deflagra- 
tion. 

b.  Explosions.     (See  Sections  85  and  87.) 

Experiment  27.     Examples  of  explosions. 

24.  Physical  changes. 

a.  Due  to  heat. 

Experiment  28.  Effect  of  heat  upon 
conditions  of  matter. 

b.  Due  to  dampness. 

Experiment  29.     Sympathetic  ink. 

25.  Heat  from  compression. 

Experiment  30.  Heat  due  to  compress- 
ion. 

26.  Chemical  changes. 

a.  In  air  and  in  solution. 

Experiment  31.  Examples  of  chemical 
changes. 

b.  Due  to  heat. 

Experiment  32.  Heat  aids  chemical 
changes. 


c.     Heat  from  chemical  cliang-es. 

Experiment  33.     Heat  due    to    chemical 
changes. 

27.  Cooking. 

a.  An  example  of  one  kind  of  chemical  change, 

b.  Aids  digestion  and  prevents  disease. 

28.  The  difference  between  heat  and  temperature. 

Experiment  34.     Heat    and    temperature 
distinguished. 

29.  Destructive  distillation. 

a.  The  making  of  charcoal. 

b.  The  making  of  illuminating  gas.     (See  Sec- 
tion 88.) 

Experiment  35.  Destructive  distillation. 
(This  subject,  Heat,  is  continued  in  the  work 
for  the  eighth  grade.) 

AIR,     VII. 

30.  A  brief  summary  of  the   facts    stated   under   the 
same  topic  in  the  work  for  the  fifth  and  sixth  grades. 

31.  The  buoyancy  of  the  air. 

a.  The  hot-air  and  gas  balloons. 

Experiment    36.     Blowing     soap-bubbles 
with  gas. 

b.  Bodies  heavier  than  air. 

Experiment  37.     How    to    make    a    toy 
boomerang  and  a  toy  glider. 

32.  "Suction" — vacuum.     (See  Section  89.) 

Experiment  38.     To  show   what   suction 
is.     The  "sucker." 

33.  Pumps. 

a.     The  lift  pump. 

Experiment  39.     How  to  make  a  suction 
pump. 


b.  The  force  pump. 

c.  The  air  compression  pump. 

Experiment   40.     The    simple    air    com- 
pression pump. 

34.  The  siphon.     (See  Section  90.) 

Experiment  41.     Siphons. 

35.  Humidity  in  the  air. 

a.  Dew. 

b.  Frost. 

c.  Fog. 

d.  Clouds. 

Experiment  42.     Forms  of  water  in   the 

air. 

(This  subject,  Air,  is  continued  in  the  work  for 
the  eighth  grade.) 

WATER.     VII. 

36.  A  brief  summary  of  the  facts    stated    under    the 
same  topic  in  the  work  for  the  fifth  and  sixth  grades. 

37.  The  warming  of  water. 

a.  Water  requires  more  heat  than  other  mate- 

rial to  become  warmed. 

Experiment  43.     The    heat    capacity    of 
water. 

b.  The  effect  upon  nature, 

38.  The  ocean  and  other  large  bodies  of  water. 

a.  Source  of  food. 

b.  Transportation. 

39.  Waves. 

a.  In  water.     (See  Section  91.) 

b.  In  air — sound. 

c.  Other  waves — light  and  electric. 

Experiment  44.     Waves  in  water  and    in 
air. 


40.  Icebergs. 

Experiment  45.     Why  ice  floats, 

41.  The  composition  of  water. 

a.  Chemical 

Experiment  46.     To  prepare  hydrogen. 

b.  Physical. 

Experiment  47,     A  physical   examination 
of  water, 

42.  Spring  and  streams.     (See  Sections  92  and  93.) 

43.  Geysers  and  hot  springs. 

Experiment  48.     To  illustrate  a  geyser. 

44.  Artesian  wells.     (See  Section  94.) 

Experiment  49.     To  illustrate  an  artesian 

well. 

(This  subject,  Water,  is  continued  in  the  work 
for  the  eighth  grade.) 

PLANTS  AND  ANIMALS.     VII. 

45.  A  brief  summary  of  the  facts    stated   under   the 
same  topic  in  the  work  for  the  fifth  and  sixth  grades. 

46.  Forestry. 

a.  What  is  meant  by  forestry. 

b.  Practical  forestry.     (See  Section  96.) 

Experiment  50.     The  collection  and  plant- 
ing of  seeds  of  forest  trees, 

47.  Forest  conservation. 

a.  Its  advantages. 

Experiment  51.     The    effect    of    forests 
upon  the  run-off  of  water, 

b.  How  accomplished, 

c.  The  enemies  of  the  forest. 

48.  The  propagation  of  plants. 

a.     Arency — roots,  cuttings,  leaves,  buds,  grafts, 
and  seeds. 


b.     Advantages  of  each  method. 

Experiment  52.     Slipping,  budding,    and 
grafting. 

49.  Pruning. 

a.  Method. 

b.  Advantages. 

50.  Plants  which    live    upon    other  plants    or   upon 

animals. 

a.  The  kinds — bacteria,  yeasts,  molds,  blights, 
mildews,  smuts,  rusts,  scale,  toadstools,  and 
mushrooms. 

b.  Their  dangers  and  their  prevention. 
Experiment  53.     The  growth  of  bacteria. 

51.  Bacteria — harmful  and  helpful. 

Experiment  54.     Acid  fermentation, 

52.  Mushrooms  and  Toadstools. 

a.  Mushrooms  as  food. 

b.  The  dangers  from  toadstools. 

53.  Insects. 

a.  Useful  and  harmful. 

Experiment   55.     (A   continuous    experi- 
ment.)   To  make  a  collection  of  insects, 

b.  Pests  and  their  control. 

54.  The  silk  worm. 

a.  The  worm. 

Experiment  56.     How     to     raise     silk 
worms. 

b.  The  product. 

55.  Flies. 

a.  The  dangers  from  flies. 

b.  Their  prevention. 
56.'    Mosquitoes. 

a.  The  danger  from  their  bites. 

b.  Their  prevention. 

Experiment  57.     (A    continuous    expert- 


ment.)     The    prevention    of    flies    and 
mosquitoes. 

57.  The  stings  of  insects, 

a.  Why  they  hurt. 

b.  The  cure  of  stings. 

58.  Poisonous  plants. 

a.  Their  description. 

b.  The  cure  for  their  poison. 

59.  Some  wild  animals, 
GO.     Furs  and  skins. 

Experiment  58.     How  to  cure  a  skin. 
(These  subjects,  Plants  and  Animals,  are  con- 
tinued in  the  work  for  the  eighth  grade.) 

FOOD,     VII. 

61.  A  brief  summary  of  the  facts  stated    under   the 
same  topic  in  the  work  for  the  fifth  and  sixth  grades. 

62.  The  geography  of  food, 

Experiment  59.     Food  geography  maps. 

63.  The  renovation  of  worn-out  soil. 

64.  Home-mixed  fertilizers. 

Experiment    60.     Making    fertilizers    for 
garden  crops, 

65.  Acid  soil. 

a.  The  cause  and  effect, 

b.  The  cure — liming. 

Experiment  61.     Testing  acid    soils  and 
liming  them. 

66.  Food  values. 

Experiment  62.     The  use  of  food  charts. 

67.  Starch. 

a.  Sources, 

b.  Cooking. 

c.  Test. 


Experiment    65.     Cooking  .  and    testing 
starch. 

68.  Sugar. 

a.  Sources. 

b.  Test. 

Experiment  64.     Testing  far  sugar.. 

69.  Proteids. 

a.  Sources. 

b.  Cookings 

c.  Test. 

Experiment   65.     Cooking-     and     testing" 
proteidsv 

70.  Fats. 

a.  Sources. 

b.  Test. 

Experiment  66.     Testing  for  fats'. 

71.  Digestion  of  food. 

Experiment  67.     The  digestion  of  a  pro- 

teid. 

(This  subject,  Food,  is  continued  in  the  work 
for  the  eighth  grade.) 

MECHANICS.     VII. 

72.  A  brief  summary  of  the  facts  stated    under   the 
same  topic  in  the  work  for  the  fifth  and  sixth  grades. 

73.  The  pendulum. 

a.     The   compound  pendulum    used    in   clocks. 
(See  Section  97.) 

74.  Vibrations. 

a.  Eorced. 

b.  Sympathetic — dangerous  for  buildings. 

Experiment  68.     Forced  and  sympathietic 
vibrations. 

75.  Reaction. 


Experiment  69.     The     reaction     water 
wheel. 

76.  Measurement  of  rotary  motion. 

a.  Revolutions  per  minute. 

b.  Velocity  of  point  on  circumference  of  wheel. 

Experiment  70.    Velocity  and  number  of 
revolutions. 

77.  Centrifugal  force.     (See  Section  98.) 

Experiment  71.     Centrifugal  force. 
(These  subjects,  Mechanics,  are  continued  in  the 
work  for  the  eighth  grade.) 

MAGNETISM  AND  ELECTRICITY.     VII. 

78.  A  brief  summary    of  the  facts  stated   under   the 
same  topic  in  the  work  for  the  fifth  and  sixth  grades. 

79.  Sources  of  electricity. 

a.  Friction. 

Experiment  72.     Electricity  from  friction. 
The  Leyden  jar. 

b.  Chemical. 

Experiment  73.     The  simple  cell. 

80.  Heat  and  light  from  electricity. 

Experiment  74.     Electricity  produces 
heat  and  light. 

81.  Chemical  effects  of  electricity. 

Experiment  75.     Electroplating. 
(These  subjects,  Magnetism  and  Electricity,  are 
continued  in  the  work  for  the  eighth  grade.) 

THE  ARTS  AND  INDUSTRIES.     VII. 

82.  Business  and  nature. 

83.  The  chemical  analysis  of  cloth. 

Experiment   76.     Testing       silk,      linen, 
wool,  and  cotton. 


84.  Surveying.     (See  Section  2.) 

Experiment  77.     Levelling  with  an  "A". 

85.  Tide  motors.     (See  Section  3.) 

86.  Blasting.     (See  Section  23.) 

87.  Gas  and  gasoline  engines.     (See  Section  23.) 

Experiment.  78.     The  gas  cannon. 

88.  Manufactured  gas.     (See  Section  29.) 

a.  Coal. 

b.  Water. 

Experiment  79.     To  make  water  gas. 

89.  Vacuum  cleaners.     (See  Section  32.) 

90.  Traps  in  plumbing.     (See  Section  34.) 

Experiment  80.     Different  forms  of  traps. 
51.     Wave  motors.     (See  Section  39.) 

92.  Water  motors.     (See  Section  42.) 

a.  Water  wheels. 

b.  Pelton  wheels. 

c.  Turbines. 

93.  Water  supply  of  a  city.     (See  Sections  42  and  4k) 

94.  Measurement  of  water. 

a.  Cubic  feet  and  gallons. 

b.  Miner's  inch. 

95.  How  to  read  meters  of  all  kinds. 

96.  Lumbering.     (See  Section  46.) 

97.  Clocks.     (See  Section  73.) 

98.  Applications  of  centrifugal  force.     (See    Section 

77.) 

a.  Laundry  dryers. 

b.  Babcock  milk  tester. 

c.  Cream  separators. 

(More  applications  of  science  are  given   in   the 
work  for  the  eighth  grade.) 


OUTLINE  OF  SCIENCE  FOR  THE  EIGHTH 
GRADE. 

THE  SUN,  STARS,  AND  PLANETS.     VIII. 

1.  A  brief  summary  of  the  facts  stated  under  the  same 

topic  in  the  work  for  the  fifth,  sixth,  and 
seventh  grades. 

2.  Theories. 

a.  What  a  theory  is. 

b.  The  use  of  theories. 

3.  The  solar  system. 

Experiment    1.     Drawing   the    solar   sys- 
tem to  scale. 

4.  The  stars. 

a.  What  they  are. 

b.  Their  distance  from  the  earth. 

5.  The  earth. 

a.  The  age  of  the  earth,  shown  by  formations. 

b.  The  shape  and  size  of  the  earth. 

Experiment  2.     The  shape  of  the   earth 
caused  by  rotation. 

6.  The  crust  of  the  earth. 

a.  Rocks  and  minerals.     (See  Section  81.) 

b.  Soil. 

7.  Kinds  of  rock. 

a.  Water  formed. 

Experiment  3.     Sedimentary  rock. 

b.  Fire  formed. 

c.  Chemically  formed. 


Experiment    4.     Stalactites     and     stalag- 
mites. 

8.  Rocks  that  once  had  life. 

Experiment  5.     Organic  rock. 

9.  Coal.     (See  Section  82.) 

a.  Soft. 

b.  Hard. 

10.  Other  forms  of  carbon. 

11.  The  sun  the  source  of  all  energy. 

12.  Natural  gas. 

13.  Petroleum. 

Experiment  6.     The  distillation  of  petro- 
leum. 

14.  Mountains. 

a.  How  made. 

Experiment  7.     Folded  and  block  moun- 
tains. 

b.  As  barriers.     (See  Section  95.) 


LIGHT.     VIII. 

15.  A  brief  summary  of  the  facts  stated    under    the 

topic  in  the  work  for  the  fifth,  sixth,  and 
seventh  grades. 

16.  The  velocity  of  light. 

17.  Photography.     (See  Section  83.) 

a.  The  lens. 

Experiment  8.     The  camera  lens. 

b.  The  sensitive  plates  and  papers. 

Experiment  9.     Why  we  can  make  photo- 
graphs. 


18.  The  eye  a  camera.     (See  Section  84.) 

a.  The  parts  of  the  eye. 

b.  Proper  care  of  the  eyes. 

19.  The  telescope. 

Experiment  10.     To  make  a  simple  tele- 
scope. 

20.  Sound 

a.  Caused  by  vibrations. 

Experiment  11.     Sources  of  sound. 

b.  Carried  by  matter. 

Experiment    12.     Sound   not   heard   in    a 
vacuum. 

21.  Velocity  of  sound. 

Experiment     13.     Distances     determined 
by  sound. 

22.  The  ear. 

a.  The  parts  of  the  ear. 

b.  The  care  of  the  ear. 

c.  The  Eustachian  tube. 

23.  Music  and  musical  instruments.    (See  Section  85.) 

a.  Vibrating  strings. 

Experiment  14.     The  variation  of  pitch. 

b.  Vibrating  columns  of  air. 

Experiment  15.     The  whistle.  The  orgin 
pipe. 

24.  The  voice. 


HEAT.     VIII. 

25.     A  brief  summary  of  the  facts    stated   under   the 

same  topic  in  the  work  for  the  fifth,  sixth,  and 

seventh  grades. 


26.  Carbon  a  part  of  all  fuels.     (See  Section  85.) 

Experiment  16.     Carbon  from  fuels. 
Experiment    17.     Perfect     and    imperfect 
combustion. 

27.  Radiation  of  heat.     (See  Section  87.) 

Experiment    18.     Good    and    poor    radn- 
tors. 

28.  Absorption  of  heat. 

Experiment    19.     A   good     radiator    is    i 
good  absorber  of  heat. 

23.     Temperature  curves. 

Experiment   20.     M  a  k  i  n  g    temperature: 
curves. 

30.  The  measurement  of  heat. 

Experiment  21.     The  difference  between 

temperature  and  heat. 
Experiment  22.     The  unit  of  heat. 

31.  Keat-holding  power. 

Experiment  23.     Heat  capacity. 

32.  The  heat  required  to  melt  ice. 

Experiment  24.     The  heat  of  mclti""*. 
Experiment  25.     Ereezing  mixtures. 

33.  The  heat  required  to  boil  water. 

a.  The  heat  absorbed. 

Experiment  26.     The  heat  of  boiling. 

b.  The  heat  given  out.     Heating  by  steam. 

Experiment  27.     The   heat   of   condensa- 
tion. 

34.  The  history  of  heating. 


AIR.     VIII. 

35.     A  brief  summary  of  the  facts  stated  under    the 
same  topic  in  the  work  for  fifth,  sixth,  and 

seventh  grades. 
35.     Humidity  in  the  air. 

a.  Absolute. 

b.  Relative. 

Experiment  28.     The  dew-point. 
Experiment  29.     The  wet-bulb  thermom- 
eter. 

37.  Rain. 

a.  Cause. 

Experiment  30.     Cooling  by  expansion. 

b.  Measurement  valuable. 

Experiment  31.     The  rain-gauge. 

38.  Snow  and  hail. 

a.  Cause. 

b.  The  shape  of  ice  crystals. 

Experiment  32.     Copying  microphoto- 
graphs  of  snow  flakes. 

39.  Ice. 

a.  Icebergs  and  glaciers. 

b.  Why  ice  floats. 

Experiment  33.     The  space  occupied  by 
melting  ice. 

40.  Painting. 

a.  For  adornment. 

b.  For  preservation  from  the  weather. 

Experiment    34.     Preservation    of    wood 
and  metal. 

41.  Atmospheric  electricity. 

a.     Lightning. 


b.     Northern  lights. 

Experiment  35.     Electric     glow     from 
sugar  and  from  paper. 


WATER.     VIII. 

42.  A  brief  summary  of  the  facts    stated    under    the 
same  topic  in  the  work  for  the  fifth,  sixth,  and 

seventh  grades. 

43.  Hard  water. 

a.  Temporary  hardness. 

Experiment  36.  The  cause  of  temporary 
hardness. 

Experiment  37.  Stalactites  and  stalag- 
mites. 

b.  Permanent  hardness. 

Experiment  38.  To  measure  permanent 
hardness. 

44.  Precipitation.     (See  Section  88.) 

Experiment  39.     Precipitation. 
AS.     Purification  of  water. 

a.  Removal  of  bacteria. 

b.  Removal  of  other  plants. 

46.  Acids  and  bases.     (See  Sections  89,  90,  and  91.) 

a.     Tests. 

Experiment  40.  Testing  acids  and  bases. 
1).  Neutralization. 

Experiment  41.  Neutralization  mikes  a 
salt. 

47.  Salts. 

a.     Efflorescent  salts. 

Experiment  42.     Efflorescent  salts. 


1).     Hygroscopic  salts. 

Experiment  43.     Hygroscopic  salts. 


PLANTS  AND  ANIMALS.     VIII. 

48.  A  brief  summary  of  the  facts  stated    under    the 
same  topics  in  the  work  for  the  fifth,  sixth,  and 

seventh  grades. 

49.  Acid  soils. 

a.  The  cause. 

b.  The  remedy — lime  and  rotation  of  crops. 

Experiment  44.     Acid  soils  and  liming. 

50.  Practical  forestry.     (See  Section  92.) 

51.  The  geography  of  animals. 

Experiment  45.     Making  animal    charts. 

52.  Fishes. 

Experiment  46.     The  balanced  aquarium. 
Experiment  47.     Fishes  need  air. 

53.  Man's  place  in  nature. 

54.  The  mind, 

Experiment  48.     The    senses    of     taste, 
smell,  and  touch. 

55.  Sleep. 

a.  The  need. 

b.  Dangers  from  using  sleep  producers. 

56.  The  nose  and  throat. 

a.  Care. 

b.  Adenoids. 

57.  Yellow  fever  and  malaria. 

a.  Cause. 

b.  Prevention.  .  ' 


FOOD.     VIII. 

58.  A  brief  summary  of  the  facts    stated   under   the 
same  topic  in  the  work  for  the  fifth,  sixth,  and 

seventh  grades. 

59.  Cost  of  production  of  food. 

a.  Cost  of  land.     (See  Section  94.) 

b.  Labor. 

c.  Transportation.     (See  Section  95.) 

d.  Profit  to  all  who  handle  it. 

60.  Vegetable  food. 

Experiment  49.     Composition    of     vege- 
table food. 

61.  Animal  food. 

Experiment   50.     Composition   of  animal 
food. 

62.  Analysis  of  food. 

Experiment  51.     Tests  for  fats,  proteids, 
and  carbohydrates. 

63.  Adulteration  of  food.     (See  Section  96.) 

Experiment   52.     Tests    for     adulterants 
and  preservatives. 

64.  The  value  of  food. 

a.  Digestion. 

b.  Assimilation  and  nutrition. 

65.  The  drug  habit. — Its  dangers.     (See  Section  97.) 

a.  Tobacco. 

b.  Alcohol. 

c.  "Pain-killers," 


MECHANICS.     VIII. 

66.  A  brief  summary  of  the  facts  stated    under    the 
same  topic  in  the  work  for  the  fifth,  sixth,  and 

seventh  grades. 

67.  Work. 

a.     Force  acting  through  distance. 
1).     No  gain  in  work  by  machines. 

Experiment  53.     Work  and  machines. 
69.     Power. 

a.  Work  performed  in  a  given  time. 

b.  Horse-power. 

Experiment  54.     The  work  and  power  in 

climbing  stairs  or  a  hill. 
Experiment  55.     To  find  the  power  of  a 

stream. 

69.  Dams. 

a.  Construction. 

b.  Pressure  against. 

Experiment  56.     The  shape  of  dams. 

70.  The  conservation  of  water-power. 

71.  The  strength  of  wooden  beams. 

Experiment  57.     The  bending  of  beams. 

MAGNETISM  AND  ELECTRICITY.     VIII. 

72.  A  brief  summary    of   the  facts  stated  under  the 
same  topics  in  the  work  for  the  fifth,  sixth,  and 

seventh  grades. 

73.  The  measurement  of  electricity. 

Experiment  58.     How  to  make  and   use 
a  galvanometer. 


74.  The  courses  of  electricity. 

a.  Friction. 

Experiment  59.     Frictional  electricity. 

b.  Chemical. 

Experiment  60.     Electric  batteries. 

c.  Magnetic. 

Experiment  61.  Electricity  from  mag- 
netism. 

75.  Chemical  effects  of  electricity. 

a.  Electrolysis. 

Experiment  62.     Electrolysis  of  water. 

b.  Electroplating  and  electrotyping. 

Experiment  63.  How  to  electroplate  and 
electrotype. 

76.  The  storage  cell. 

Experiment  64.  How  to  make  a  storage 
cell. 

77.  The  induction  coil. 

Experiment  65.  How  to  make  an  in- 
duction coil. 

Experiment  66.  Experiments  with  an  in- 
duction coil. 

78.  Wireless  telegraphy. 

a.  Theory. 

Experiment  67.  Wireless  telegraphy 
across  a  room. 

b.  Practice. 

79.  Other  applications  of  electricity. 

Experiment  68.  Practical  work  in  elcc- 
tricitv. 


THE  ARTS  AND  INDUSTRIES.     VIII. 

80.  Man's  applications  of  nature's  principles. 

a.  The  arts. 

b.  The  industries. 

81.  Metals.     (See  Section  6.) 

a.  The  common  metals. 

b.  The  rare  metals. 

c.  Obtaining  metals  from  the  ores. 

Experiment  69.     The  reduction  of  an  ore. 

82.  Illuminating  gas. 

a.  Coal  gas.     (See  Section  9.) 

Experiment  70.     How  to  make  coal  gis 

b.  Water  gas. 

Experiment  71.     How  to  make  water  o-r\s. 

83.  How  newspaper  cuts  are  made.    (See  Section  17.) 

84.  Motion  pictures.     (See  Section  18.) 

Experiment  72.     The  theory    of    motion 
pictures. 

85.  The  phonograph.     (See  Section  23.) 

86.  Steel. 

a.  Composition.       (See  Section  26.) 

b.  Tempering. 

Experiment  73.     Tempering  steel. 

87.  Fireless  cookers.     (See  Section  27.) 

88.  Dyeing.     (See  Section  44.) 

a.  Silk  and  wool. 

b.  Cotton  and  linen. 

Experiment  74.     Dyeing. 

89.  Tanning  of  leather.     (See  Section  46.) 

90.  Bleaching.     (See  Section  46.) 

a.     Natural. 


b.     Chemical. 

Experiment  75.     Bleaching. 

91.  Mercerized  cotton  and  artificial  silk.     (See  Sec- 

tion 46.) 

92.  Paper  manufacture. 

a.  From  cloth. 

b.  From  wood.     (See  Section  50.) 

Experiment  76.     Papier  mach(e) 

93.  Sanitary  plumbing. 

Experiment   77.     Drawing     plans     of 
plumbing. 

94.  Reclaiming  land.     (See  Section  59.) 

95.  Transportation.     (See  Sections  14  and  59.) 

96.  The  Pure  Food  and  Drug  Act  of  1905.     (See  Sec- 

tion 63.) 

97.  Simple  household  remedies.     (See  Section  65.) 

98.  How  to  plan  buildings. 

Experiment  78.     Drawing  plans  of  build- 
ings. 

99.  Conveniences  for  the  home. 

100.  Manner  of  living. 

101.  Civilization  and  education. 


OTHER  BOOKS  BY  THE  SAME  AUTHOR. 


General  Science  Outline.  Published 
by  Cunningham,  Curtiss,  and 
Welch.  (Out  of  print.) 

Introduction  to  General  Science,  with 
Experiments.  A  text  for  the  first 
year  of  high  school.  Published 
by  the  Macmillan  Company 

Outline  cf  Science  for  the  Fifth  Grade. 
Published  by  Percy  E.  Rowell, 
Berkeley,  California 

Outline  of  Science  for  the  Sixth 
Grade.  Published  by  Percy  E.' 
Rowell,  Berkeley,  California 

Outline  of  Science  for  the  Fifth  and 
Sixth  'Grades.  Published  by 
Percy  E.  Rowell,  Berkeley,  Cali- 
fornia 

Outline  of  Science  for  the  Seventh 
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Outline  of  Science  for  the  Eighth 
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Outline  of  Science  for  the  Seventh 
and  Eighth  Grades.  Published 
by  Percy  E.  Rowell,  Berkeley. 
Califirnia 

Outline  of  Science  for  the  Fo^r 
Upper  Grades.  Published  bv 
Percy  E.  Rowell,  Berkeley,  Cali- 
fornia 

Science  for  the  Fifth  Grade.  A  text 
based  upon  the  Outline  of 
Science  for  the  Fifth  Grade.  Pub- 
lished by  Percy  E.  Rowell,  Ber- 
keley, California.  (In  Press) 

Science  for  the  Sixth  Grade.  (In 
preparation.) 

Science  for  the  Seventh  Grade.  (In 
preparation.) 

Science  for  the  Eighth  Grade.  (1  M 
preparation.) 


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